![]() This study addresses the selection of photolinker and the adjustment of reaction conditions, such as the concentration of biomolecule applied, and irradiation time. The use of photolinkers (photoactivatable heterobifunctional crosslinkers) is a popular method to attach biomolecules to polymer surfaces. Finally, challenges to this emerging field of research are critically evaluated. Recently reported applications in areas such as biomedicine, biosensors, enzyme reactors, and textiles, all of which utilize a common set of surface bioconjugation techniques to address these diverse needs, are discussed. Relevant bioconjugation reagents and chemistries are described and tabulated. State-of-the-art techniques in covalent conjugation of bioactive compounds to the modified surfaces, such as usage of hydrophilic, bifunctional, and/or branched spacer molecules, are presented. Methods of analysis of biofunctionalized polymer surfaces, including spectral methods (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and others) as well as non-spectral methods (contact angle, dye assays, biological assays, and zeta potential) are also considered. Hermanson GT (ed) (1995) Bioconjugate Techniques.This paper reviews recent advances in the covalent attachment of bioactive compounds to functionalized polymer surfaces including relevant techniques in polymer surface modification such as wet chemical, organosilanization, ionized gas treatments, and UV irradiation. Sabanayagam CR, Smith CL, Cantor CR (2000) Nucleic Acids Res 28:e33, ii–iv ![]() Reichmuth P, Sigrist H, Badertscher M, Morf WE, de Rooij NF, Pretsch E (2002) Bioconjug Chem 13:90–96 Sigrist H, Collioud A, Clemence J-F, Gao H, Luginbuehl R, Saenger M, Sundarababu G (1995) Opt Eng (Bellingham, Washington) 34:2339–2348 Haynes CA, Norde W (1995) J Colloid Interface Sci 169:313–328īuijs J, Norde W, Lichtenbelt JWT (1996) Langmuir 12:1605–1613Ĭhevrier D, Rasmussen SR, Guesdon J (1993) Mol Cell Probes 7:187–197 Wessa T, Rapp M, Sigrist H (1999) Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 15:139–146 For this study DNA oligonucleotides were chosen as a model system of biomolecular probes, and fluorescence detection of DNA microarrays served as method of detection. Of all photolinkers and substrates tested, PTD as photolinker and COC as substrate showed the highest photolinking efficiencies and fastest reaction times. We compared the overall photolinking efficiency of all photolinkers with respect to the polymer substrate they are applied to, and we found considerable differences for certain photolinker/substrate combinations. The influence of substrate material is discussed, and three different polymers served as representative substrates: poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and a cycloolefin copolymer (COC). The influence of these variables are investigated for four prominent photolinkers: ketyl-reactive benzophenone (BP) and anthraquinone (AQ), nitrene-reactive nitrophenyl azide (NPA), and carbene-reactive phenyl-(trifluoromethyl)diazirine (PTD).
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